Ukuhlolwa Kwemibono Engelona Iqiniso Ocwaningweni Lwesayensi

Isayensi yokuphila isayensi yemvelo esekelwe ekuhloleni. Phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ososayensi baye bembula imithetho eyisisekelo yokuphila, njengokwakheka kwe-double helix ye-DNA, izindlela zokulawula izakhi zofuzo, ukusebenza kwamaprotheni, ngisho nezindlela zokubonisa amaselula, ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokuhlola. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi isayensi yezempilo ithembele kakhulu ekuhloleni, kulula futhi ukuzalanisa “amaphutha angamanga” ocwaningweni - ukuthembela ngokweqile noma ukusetshenziswa kabi kwedatha ye-empirical, kuyilapho ungasinaki isidingo sokwakhiwa kwethiyori, ukulinganiselwa kwendlela, kanye nokucabanga okuqinile.Namuhla, ake sihlole amaphutha amaningana avamile ocwaningo lwesayensi yempilo ndawonye:

Idatha Iqiniso: Ukuqonda Okuphelele Kwemiphumela Yokuhlola

Ocwaningweni lwebhayoloji yamangqamuzana, idatha yokuhlola ivame ukuthathwa njengobufakazi be-ironclad '. Abacwaningi abaningi bavame ukuphakamisa ngokuqondile imiphumela yokuhlola ibe iziphetho zethiyori. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela yokuhlola ivamise ukuthonywa izici ezihlukahlukene njengezimo zokuhlola, ubumsulwa besampula, ukuzwela kokutholwa, namaphutha okusebenza. Okuvame kakhulu ukungcoliswa okuhle kwe-fluorescence quantitative PCR. Ngenxa yesikhala esilinganiselwe nezimo zokuhlola kumalabhorethri amaningi ocwaningo, kulula ukubangela ukungcoliswa kwe-aerosol yemikhiqizo ye-PCR. Lokhu kuvame ukuholela kumasampuli angcolile asebenzisa amanani aphansi kakhulu e-Ct kunesimo sangempela phakathi ne-PCR ye-fluorescence quantitative elandelayo. Uma imiphumela yokuhlola engalungile isetshenziselwa ukuhlaziywa ngaphandle kokubandlulula, izoholela kuphela eziphethweni eziyiphutha. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ososayensi bathola ngokuhlolwa ukuthi i-nucleus yeseli iqukethe inani elikhulu lamaprotheni, kuyilapho ingxenye ye-DNA ingashadile futhi ibonakala "inokuqukethwe kolwazi oluncane". Ngakho, abantu abaningi baphetha ngokuthi “ukwaziswa kofuzo kumelwe kube khona emaprotheni.” Lokhu ngempela “kwakuyiziqondiso ezinengqondo” ezisekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho ngaleso sikhathi. Kwaze kwafika ngo-1944 lapho u-Oswald Avery enza uchungechunge lwezivivinyo ezinembile aqala ukufakazela okokuqala ukuthi kwakuyi-DNA, hhayi amaprotheni, okwakungumthwalo weqiniso wefa. Lokhu kwaziwa njengendawo yokuqala yebhayoloji yamangqamuzana. Lokhu futhi kubonisa ukuthi nakuba isayensi yempilo iyisayensi yemvelo esekelwe ocwaningweni, ukuhlola okuthile kuvame ukukhawulwa uchungechunge lwezinto ezifana nokuklama kokuhlola kanye nezindlela zobuchwepheshe. Ukuthembela kuphela emiphumeleni yokuhlola ngaphandle kokubanjwa okunengqondo kungadukisa kalula ucwaningo lwesayensi.

Ukwenziwa okujwayelekile: ukwenza idatha yendawo ibe amaphethini jikelele jikelele

Ubunkimbinkimbi bezimo zokuphila bunquma ukuthi umphumela owodwa wokuhlola ngokuvamile ubonisa isimo esimweni esithile. Kodwa abacwaningi abaningi bathambekele ekwenzeni izinto ngokuxhamazela ezibonwa kulayini weseli, imodeli yezinto eziphilayo, noma isethi yamasampuli noma ukuhlola kuwo wonke umuntu noma ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Isisho esivamile esizwakala elabhorethri sithi: 'Ngenze kahle okokugcina, kodwa angikwazanga ukuphumelela kulokhu.' Lesi isibonelo esivame kakhulu sokuphatha idatha yendawo njengephethini yendawo yonke. Lapho kwenziwa ukuhlola okuphindaphindiwe ngamaqoqo amaningi amasampula avela kumaqoqo ahlukene, lesi simo sijwayele ukwenzeka. Abacwaningi bangase bacabange ukuthi bathole “umthetho wendawo yonke”, kodwa empeleni, kuwukukhohlisa nje kwezimo ezihlukene zokuhlola ezibekwe phezulu kudatha. Lolu hlobo 'lwe-technical false positive' lwaluvame kakhulu ocwaningweni lwangaphambi kwesikhathi lwe-gene chip, futhi manje luphinde lwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile kubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza okuphezulu obufana nokulandelana kweseli elilodwa.

Ukubika okukhethiwe: ukwethula idatha kuphela ehlangabezana nokulindelwe

Ukwethulwa kwedatha okukhethiwe kungenye yamaphutha asetshenziswa kakhulu kodwa futhi ayingozi ocwaningweni lwebhayoloji yamangqamuzana. Abacwaningi bavame ukuziba noma balulaze idatha engahambisani nokuqagela, futhi babike kuphela imiphumela yokuhlola "eyimpumelelo", ngaleyo ndlela bakhe isimo socwaningo esingaguquguquki kodwa esiphambene. Leli futhi elinye lamaphutha ajwayelekile abantu abawenza emsebenzini wocwaningo lwesayensi olusebenzayo. Basetha kusengaphambilini imiphumela elindelekile ekuqaleni kokuhlolwa, futhi ngemva kokuba ukuhlola sekuqediwe, bagxila kuphela emiphumeleni yokuhlola efinyelela okulindelekile, futhi basuse ngokuqondile imiphumela engafani nokulindela njengokuthi “amaphutha okuhlola” noma “amaphutha okusebenza”. Lokhu kuhlunga kwedatha okukhethiwe kuzoholela kuphela emiphumeleni yethiyori engalungile. Le nqubo ngokuvamile akukona okuhlosiwe, kodwa ukuziphatha okungaqondakali kwabacwaningi, kodwa ngokuvamile kuholela emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu. Umzuzi kaNobel uLinus Pauling wake wakholelwa ukuthi umthamo omkhulu kavithamini C ungawelapha umdlavuza futhi “wafakazela” lo mbono ngedatha yokuhlola yokuqala. Kodwa ukuhlolwa okubanzi okwalandela okwalandela kubonise ukuthi le miphumela ayizinzile futhi ayikwazi ukuphindwa. Okunye ukuhlola kuze kubonise ukuthi uvithamini C angase aphazamise ukwelashwa okuvamile. Kodwa kuze kube namuhla, kusekhona inqwaba yemithombo yezindaba ecaphuna idatha yokuqala yokuhlola ka-Nas Bowling ukukhuthaza lokho okubizwa ngokuthi inkolelo-mbono yohlangothi olulodwa yokwelashwa kwe-Vc yomdlavuza, okuthinta kakhulu ukwelashwa okuvamile kweziguli ezinomdlavuza.

Ukubuyela emoyeni we-empiricism nokuwedlula

Ingqikithi yesayensi yokuphila isayensi yemvelo esekelwe ekuhloleni. Ukuhlola kufanele kusetshenziswe njengethuluzi lokuqinisekisa ithiyori, kunokuba kube umnyombo ophusile wokushintsha imali ebanjwayo. Ukuvela kwamaphutha okusebenza kuvame ukuvela ekukholweni okuyimpumputhe kwabacwaningi kudatha yokuhlola kanye nokungacabangi okwanele kokucabanga kwethiyori kanye nendlela yokwenza.
Ukuhlola ukuphela kombandela wokwahlulela ubuqiniso bethiyori, kodwa akukwazi ukuthatha indawo yokucabanga kwethiyori. Inqubekelaphambili yocwaningo lwesayensi ayincikile kuphela ekuqoqweni kwedatha, kodwa futhi nasekuqondisweni okunengqondo kanye nengqondo ecacile. Emkhakheni othuthukayo ngokushesha webhayoloji yamangqamuzana, kuphela ngokuqhubeka sithuthukisa ukuqina kwedizayini yokuhlola, ukuhlaziya okuhlelekile, kanye nokucabanga okujulile lapho singagwema ukuwela ogibeni lokuqina futhi siqhubekele ekuqondeni kwesayensi kwangempela.