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Uma inja iqala ngokuzumayo ukuhlanza nohudo, noma ikati liba buthakathaka futhi liphelelwe yisifiso sokudla, odokotela bezilwane bavame ukuncoma ukuhlolwa kwe-nucleic acid.
Ungawuqondi umbono ongalungile—lokhu akusikho ukuhlola izilwane ezifuywayo i-COVID-19. Kunalokho, kuhilela ukusesha “i-genetic ID” yegciwane ukuze kutholakale ukuthi ngabe zitheleleke yini ngamagciwane avamile njenge-parvovirus noma ama-coronavirus.
Thatha i-parvovirus (igciwane le-DNA) kanye ne-coronavirus (igciwane le-RNA) njengezibonelo.
Yonke inqubo yokuhlola ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-logic enezinyathelo ezintathu "yokufuna ubufakazi", okuyinto elula kakhulu ukuyiqonda.
Isinyathelo sokuqalaiqoqo lesampula, lapho isihluthulelo siwukukhomba “indawo yokucasha” yegciwane. Ama-Parvovirus agxile kakhulu emathunjini, ngakho-keamasampula endle noma ukuhlanzazibhekwa njengezibalulekile; ama-coronavirus angase afihleke endleleni yokuphefumula, ngakho-keizimbotshana zomphimbozisetshenziswa kakhulu. Lokhu kufana nokudinga ukuhlolwa kwegazi lokushayela uphuzile. Uma indawo engafanele ithathwe isampula—njengokusebenzisa igazi ukuthola i-parvovirus emathunjini—kungenzeka ukuthi kutholakale ukuthi ayinayo i-parvovirus.
Ngemva kokuqoqwa kwesampula,ukukhipha i-nucleic acidkulandela, kuhloswe ukuhlukanisa i-virtual nucleic acid emsulwa kumasampula ayinkimbinkimbi. Khumbula ukuthi amasampula endle noma emphinjeni aqukethe ukungcola okuhlukahlukene njengezinhlayiya zokudla kanye nemfucumfucu yamaseli. Amalabhorethri asebenzisa ama-reagent akhethekile ukuze asebenze “njengezihlungi,” asuse lokhu kungcola futhi ashiye i-virtual nucleic acid kuphela.
Nokho, ngenxaAmagciwane e-RNAnjenge-coronavirus, "eyengeziwe"ukuguqulela emuva"Kudingeka isinyathelo. Lokhu kuguqula i-RNA engazinzile ibe yi-DNA etholakala kalula, kuyilungiselela izinyathelo ezilandelayo.
Isinyathelo sokugcina yilesiUkwandiswa kwe-PCR, okuhilela ukwenza izigidi zamakhophi “e-genetic ID” yegciwane ukuze ithuluzi likwazi ukulibona ngokucacile. Ama-laboratories asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-quantitative PCR (qPCR), aklama “ama-primer probe” akhethekile ahlose ukulandelana kwegciwane elithile—njenge-I-VP2 genekuma-parvovirus nomaI-S genekuma-coronavirus. Lawa ma-probe asebenza njengama-magnet, abophezela ngqo ku-nucleic acid eqondiwe futhi ayiphindaphinde ngokushesha. Ngisho noma isampula ekuqaleni iqukethe amakhophi egciwane ayi-100 kuphela, ukukhulisa kungawandisa afinyelele ezingeni elitholakalayo.
Ithuluzi libe selinquma umphumela ngokusekelwe ezimpawini ze-fluorescent: ukukhanya kubonisa umphumela omuhle, kuyilapho kungekho kukhanya okubonisa umphumela omubi. Yonke inqubo ithatha cishe imizuzu engama-40 kuya kwengama-60.
Kodwa-ke, abanikazi bezilwane ezifuywayo bangase babhekane nesimo esididayo: abangane babo abanoboya babonisa izimpawu ezisobala njengokuhlanza noma uhudo, kodwa bahlolwe bengenayo i-nucleic acid; noma ngokuphambene nalokho, bahlolwe benayo kodwa babonakala benamandla futhi bengakhombisi zimpawu zokugula. Kwenzekani ngempela? “Izixwayiso ezingamanga” ezinjalo empeleni zivamile, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezizathu eziningana eziyisisekelo.
Okokuqala, ake sixoxe ngezimo lapho abantu bebonisa izimpawu kodwa bathole ukuthi abanazo.Ngokuvamile, lokhu kwenzeka ngoba igciwane lidlala “ukucashela.”
Esinye isimo yilapho igciwane lingakafiki emazingeni atholakalayo endaweni ezungezile. Isibonelo, ezinsukwini zokuqala ezingu-3-5 ngemva kokutheleleka kwe-parvovirus, igciwane liphindaphinda kakhulu ezicutshini ze-lymphoid. Umthwalo wegciwane endle uhlala ungaphansi komkhawulo wokutholwa wamakhophi ayi-100 ngokusabela ngakunye, okwenza lingatholakali ngisho nangokuhlolwa kwe-PCR. Kufana nesigebengu esingena nje endlini ngaphambi kokwenza noma yimaphi amacala—amakhamera okuphepha awakwazi ukubamba noma yimiphi iminonjana okwamanje.
Enye inkinga evamile ilele ekuthatheni amasampula.Uma amasampula endle emancane kakhulu, ama-swabs omphimbo ehluleka ukufinyelela ulwelwesi lwe-mucosal, noma amasampula ashiywa ekamelweni lokushisa amahora amaningi okubangela ukuwohloka kwe-nucleic acid, ukuhlolwa kuba yize. Izibalo zelebhu zibonisa ukuthi ukusampula okungafanele kungabanga ngaphezu kwama-30% emiphumela emibi engamanga.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zimpawu kungenzeka zingabangelwa yi-parvovirus noma ama-coronavirus nhlobo.Ukuhlanza kanye nohudo lwezilwane ezifuywayo kungabangelwa yi-bacterial enteritis noma izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, kanti umkhuhlane kanye nokukhwehlela kungase kubonise i-mycoplasma pneumonia. Njengoba amakhithi okuhlola i-nucleic acid enzelwe amagciwane athile, awakwazi "ukuxilonga ngokuhlanganisa" ezinye izimbangela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho,ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kungenza ukuhlolwa kungasebenzi.Isibonelo, ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ze-coronavirus S kungavimbela ama-probe ukuthi angayiboni. Elinye ilabhorethri lithole ukuthi ama-5.3% ezinhlobo akhiqize ama-negative angamanga, isimo esidinga ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo eziphelele ukuze kuqinisekiswe.
Ngokuphathelene nezilwane ezifuywayo ezingenazimpawu ezitholakala zinegciwane, lokhu kuvame ukukhombisa ukuthi igciwane “lisesimweni sokungalali.”Ezinye izilwane ezifuywayo “zithwala amagciwane.”Amagciwane afana ne-herpesvirus yekati noma i-coronavirus yenja angase aqhubeke isikhathi eside ezilwaneni ezinegciwane. Uma nje amasosha omzimba esilwaneni ehlala ephilile, ngeke abe nezimpawu kodwa azoqhubeka nokukhipha igciwane—njengoba abanye abantu bethwala igciwane le-hepatitis B ngaphandle kokuthola lesi sifo.
Esinye isimo sihilela ukuphazamiseka kwemiphumela yokuhlolwa komjovo.Zingakapheli izinsuku eziyi-7-10 ngemuva kokuthola umuthi wokugomela ophilayo oncishisiwe, igciwane lokugomela lingachitheka endle. Ukuhlolwa phakathi nalesi sikhathi kungaveza kalula ukuthi kukhona okungalungile. Ngakho-ke, odokotela bezilwane bavame ukweluleka ukuthi bangawuhlolisisi u-nucleic acid zingakapheli amasonto amabili okugoma.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amalabhorethri ngezinye izikhathi abhekana “nezehlakalo zokungcola.” Uma ama-aerosol avela kusampula yangaphambilini enhle ewela kusampula entsha, kungabangela ukuthi ithuluzi liyichaze ngokungeyikho njengelithi “lihle.” Kodwa-ke, amalabhorethri athembekile asebenzisa “izinto zokuhlanza” kanye nama-swab akhethekile ukunciphisa le ngozi yokungcola, okunikeza abazali ukuthula kwengqondo okukhulu lapho bekhetha izindawo zokuhlola ezigunyaziwe.
Uma imiphumela yokuhlolwa ingahambisani nezimpawu zomtholampilo, asikho isidingo sokwesaba. Odokotela bezilwane bavame ukuncoma izinyathelo ezilandelayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe okwengeziwe.
Okokuqala,hlola kabusha ngemva kwesikhathi esithileukuze kubanjwe “isigaba sokuphelelwa yigciwane esiphezulu.” Uma kusolwa kakhulu ukuthi ukutheleleka kwe-parvovirus noma i-coronavirus kuyalulekwa, ukuhlolwa kabusha emahoreni angu-24-48 kamuva kuyalulekwa, njengoba umthamo wegciwane kungenzeka ukuthi usufinyelele umkhawulo wokutholwa ngaleso sikhathi. Ucwaningo olulodwa lubonise ukuthi izinja ezitholakale zingenayo igciwane ekuqaleni kokugula zazinezinga lokutholakala kwegciwane elingu-82% lapho ziphinde zahlolwa ngemva kwamahora angu-48.
Okwesibili,hlanganisa izindlela eziningi zokuhlola nokuhlolwa kwezimpawuukuze kuhlolwe ngokuphelele. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Nucleic acid kuthola "ukutheleleka kwamanje," kuyilapho ukuhlolwa kwe-antibody kuthola "ukutheleleka kwangaphambilini." Ukuhlanganisa lokhu nezinkomba ezifana nokushisa komzimba kanye nenani legazi kunikeza isithombe esiphelele. Isibonelo, inja ehlanzayo enokuhlolwa kwe-nucleic acid okungekuhle kodwa ama-antibodies amahle angase abe sesigabeni sokululama, kanti umthwalo wegciwane usuvele wehlisiwe waba amazinga angatholakali.
Okokugcina, ukukhetha indlela yokuhlola efanele kubalulekile, njengoba ukuhlolwa kwe-antigen kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-PCR kuhluka kakhulu.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-antigen kunozwela oluphansi—isibonelo, ukuthola i-parvovirus kudinga izinhlayiya zegciwane eziyi-10⁵ ukuze kutholakale umphumela omuhle. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuhlolwa kwe-PCR kungathola amakhophi egciwane ambalwa afinyelela ku-100, okunikeza ukuzwela okuphezulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, uma isilwane sibonisa izimpawu ezicacile kodwa sithola ukuthi asinazo izimpawu ekuhlolweni kwe-antigen, kubalulekile ukweluleka udokotela wezilwane ukuthi athuthukele ekuhlolweni kwe-PCR ukuze agweme ukuxilongwa okungafanele.
Ukuhlola kunemingcele; ukwahlulela kwesayensi kubaluleke kakhulu.
Eqinisweni, ukuhlolwa kwe-nucleic acid akuyona "into ewumlingo." Kudinga ukusampula okufanele, ukuhlolwa ngesikhathi, kanye negciwane ukuze "kubambisane" ngokungaguquguquki.
Uma imiphumela yokuhlolwa ingqubuzana nezimpawu, abanikazi bezilwane akufanele besabe. Vumela odokotela bezilwane benze isahlulelo esiphelele ngokusekelwe emlandweni wezokwelapha wesilwane, amarekhodi okugoma, kanye nemiphumela yokuhlolwa okulandelayo. Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuxilongwa okunembile kanye nokwelashwa kwabangane bethu abanoboya, okubasiza ukuba balulame ngokushesha.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-06-2025
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