Indima yezinhlelo ze-PCR zesikhathi sangempela kwezokwelapha kanye ne-genomics ezenziwe ngezifiso

Izinhlelo ze-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) zesikhathi sangempela sezibe amathuluzi abalulekile emikhakheni eshintsha ngokushesha yezokwelapha ezenzelwe wena kanye ne-genomics. Lezi zinhlelo zivumela abacwaningi kanye nodokotela ukuthi bahlaziye izinto zofuzo ngokunemba nangesivinini esingakaze sibonwe, bavule indlela yokuthuthukisa amasu okwelapha ezenzelwe wena kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwezifo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Izinhlelo ze-PCR zesikhathi sangempela, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-quantitative PCR (qPCR), ikhulisa futhi ilinganise i-DNA noma i-RNA ngesikhathi esisodwa kusampula. Ubuchwepheshe bubaluleke kakhulu kwezokwelapha ezenzelwe umuntu, lapho ukwelashwa kulungiselelwe ukwakheka kwezakhi zofuzo zomuntu ngamunye. Ngokunikeza izilinganiso ezinembile zamazinga okuvezwa kwezakhi zofuzo, izinhlelo ze-PCR zesikhathi sangempela zisiza ukuhlonza ama-biomarker angabikezela impendulo yesiguli ekwelashweni okuthile. Ku-oncology, isibonelo, amazinga okuvezwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezithile angabonisa ukuthi isiguli singase sizuze yini ekwelashweni okuqondiwe, ngaleyo ndlela siqondise izinqumo zokwelapha futhi sithuthukise imiphumela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo ze-PCR zesikhathi sangempela zidlala indima ebalulekile emkhakheni we-genomics, lapho zingasetshenziswa khona ukuqinisekisa okutholakele kobuchwepheshe bokulandelana kwe-high-throughput. Ngenkathi ukulandelana kwesizukulwane esilandelayo (NGS) kunganikeza umbono ophelele we-genome yomuntu, i-PCR yesikhathi sangempela ingaqinisekisa ukuba khona kanye nenani lezinhlobo ezithile zezakhi zofuzo ezitholakala ngokulandelelana. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthembeka kwedatha yezakhi zofuzo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zezokwelapha lapho kwenziwa khona izinqumo ngokusekelwe olwazini lwezakhi zofuzo.

Ukuguquguquka kwezinhlelo ze-PCR zesikhathi sangempela akugcini nje ngomdlavuza kanye ne-genomics. Zisetshenziswa nasekuxilongweni kwezifo ezithelelanayo, lapho ukutholakala okusheshayo nokunembile kwamagciwane kubalulekile khona. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sobhubhane lwe-COVID-19, i-PCR yesikhathi sangempela yaba yindinganiso yegolide yokuxilonga ukutheleleka kwe-SARS-CoV-2. Ikhono lokulinganisa inani legciwane lesiguli alisizi nje kuphela ekuxilongweni, kodwa futhi linganikeza ulwazi ngamasu okwelapha kanye nezimpendulo zezempilo zomphakathi.

Ngaphezu kokuxilongwa, izinhlelo ze-PCR zesikhathi sangempela zingasiza futhi ekuqapheni ukuqhubeka kwesifo kanye nokusebenza kahle kokwelashwa. Ngokulinganisa izinguquko ekubonakalisweni kwezakhi zofuzo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, odokotela bangahlola ukuthi isiguli sisabela kahle kangakanani ekwelashweni. Lokhu kuqapha okunamandla kubaluleke kakhulu ezifweni ezingamahlalakhona, njengoba izindlela zokwelapha zingadinga ukulungiswa ngokusekelwe kuphrofayili yezakhi zofuzo yesiguli eshintshayo.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlelo ze-PCR zesikhathi sangempela kwezokwelapha ezenzelwe wena kanye ne-genomics kuye kwathuthukiswa kakhulu. Izinhlelo zesimanje ziya ngokuya zisebenziseka kalula, ngezici ezenzakalelayo ezenza kube lula ukuhamba komsebenzi futhi zinciphise amathuba okuba namaphutha abantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-PCR yesikhathi sangempela ye-multiplex kuvumela ukutholakala ngesikhathi esisodwa kwezinhloso eziningi ngokusabela okukodwa, okwandisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle.