Indima yezinhlelo ze-PCR zesikhathi sangempela emithini yomuntu siqu kanye ne-genomics

Izinhlelo ze-PCR zesikhathi sangempela (i-polymerase chain reaction) seziphenduke amathuluzi abalulekile emikhakheni ethuthuka ngokushesha yemithi yomuntu siqu kanye ne-genomics. Lezi zinhlelo zinika amandla abacwaningi kanye nodokotela ukuthi bahlaziye izinto zofuzo ngokunemba okungakaze kubonwe kanye nesivinini, zivula indlela yokuthuthukisa amasu okwelapha okuqondene nomuntu kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwezifo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Izinhlelo ze-PCR zesikhathi sangempela, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-quantitative PCR (qPCR), ngesikhathi esifanayo khulisa futhi ulinganise i-DNA noma i-RNA kusampula. Ubuchwepheshe bubaluleke kakhulu emithini yomuntu siqu, lapho ukwelashwa kwenzelwe ukwakheka kofuzo lomuntu. Ngokuhlinzeka ngezilinganiso ezinembile zamaleveli wokuvezwa kofuzo, amasistimu e-PCR esikhathi sangempela asiza ukukhomba ama-biomarker angabikezela impendulo yesiguli ekwelashweni okuthile. Ku-oncology, isibonelo, amazinga enkulumo yezakhi zofuzo ezithile angabonisa ukuthi isiguli kungenzeka sizuze ekwelashweni okuhlosiwe, ngaleyo ndlela kuqondise izinqumo zokwelashwa kanye nemiphumela yokuthuthukisa.

Ukwengeza, izinhlelo ze-PCR zesikhathi sangempela zidlala indima ebalulekile emkhakheni we-genomics, lapho zingasetshenziswa khona ukuze kuqinisekiswe okutholwe kusukela kubuchwepheshe bokulandelana komphumela ophezulu. Nakuba ukulandelana kwesizukulwane esilandelayo (i-NGS) kunganikeza ukubuka konke okuphelele kwe-genome yomuntu ngamunye, i-PCR yesikhathi sangempela ingaqinisekisa ubukhona nenani lezinhlobo ezithile zofuzo ezikhonjwe ngokulandelanisa. Lokhu kuqinisekisa kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwethembeka kwedatha ye-genomic, ikakhulukazi ezilungiselelweni zomtholampilo lapho izinqumo zenziwa ngokusekelwe olwazini lofuzo.

Ukuguquguquka kwezinhlelo ze-PCR zesikhathi sangempela akukhawulelwe ku-oncology kanye ne-genomics. Zibuye zisetshenziswe ekuxilongeni izifo ezithathelwanayo, lapho ukutholakala ngokushesha nangokunembile kwamagciwane kubalulekile. Isibonelo, phakathi nobhubhane lwe-COVID-19, i-PCR yesikhathi sangempela yaba indinganiso yegolide yokuxilonga ukutheleleka kwe-SARS-CoV-2. Ikhono lokulinganisa inani legciwane egazini lesiguli alisizi nje kuphela ekuxilongeni, kodwa lingazisa namasu okwelapha kanye nezimpendulo zezempilo zomphakathi.

Ngaphezu kokuxilongwa, izinhlelo ze-PCR zesikhathi sangempela zingasiza futhi ukuqapha ukuqhubeka kwesifo kanye nempumelelo yokwelashwa. Ngokulinganisa izinguquko ekubonakalisweni kwezakhi zofuzo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, odokotela bangahlola ukuthi isiguli sisabela kahle kangakanani ekwelashweni. Lokhu kuqapha okuguquguqukayo kubaluleke kakhulu ezifweni ezingalapheki, njengoba izindlela zokwelapha zingase kudingeke zilungiswe ngokusekelwe ekushintsheni kwephrofayili yofuzo yesiguli.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlelo ze-PCR zesikhathi sangempela emithini yomuntu siqu kanye ne-genomics kuye kwathuthukiswa nakakhulu. Amasistimu esimanje aya ngokuya esebenziseka kalula, anezici ezizenzakalelayo ezilula ukuhamba komsebenzi futhi zinciphisa amathuba okuba namaphutha omuntu. Ukwengeza, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-multiplex yesikhathi sangempela PCR kuvumela ukutholwa kanyekanye kokuhlosiwe okuningi ngokusabela okukodwa, okwandisa kakhulu ukuphuma nokusebenza kahle.